representation of age: Waterloo Road

within TV drama age is often stereotyped heavily; with teenagers often being portrayed as disruptive and disrespectful, in contrast with the elderly who are seen as wise, elderly, dressed old fashioned and unable to keep up with modern technology. i believe that this clip has been fitted to represent these stereotypes using mise en scene, camera, editing and sound.

The first indication in this clip is using mise en scene, and the surroundings, they make it clear that the clip is in a school with bright yellow displays, busy walls, connoting a youthful environment as oppose to a boring black and white office block for the adults. The children are also dressed in school unform which confirms the expectation, however they are all dressed in short skirts and short ties which is obviously not part of the school uniform, this is an early representation of the youths being rebellious and disruptive in contrast to the teachers who are all dressed smart and uniform, which could be seen as boring. A key example of this is Grantly who sports a tweed suit which is a portrayal of his old age. in contrast one of the younger teachers wears smart black trousers with a bright pink top, to imply she is professional and modern as she has professional wear but depicts her younger age with the brighter more fashionable clothing. Adding to this in a later scene with larger teacher attempts to look 'cool' where he tries on a T shirt, Jeans and high top trainers, and you can instantly see he is out of place as he says 'they are meant to be like that aren't they' when asking about the position of his jeans. this represents him as old and out of touch with the modern generation.

The establishing shot of this clip is a close up of some brown shoes walking past chair legs, the zoomed in approach magnifies the importance of the shoes and allows the audience to recognize that the following sequence will heavily involve this person. the cut to a two shot of two teenage boys making their actions seem suspicious or shifty. this implies that teenagers are suspicious and mischievous. the close up of the young boy where you can see his youthful appearance and his uniform, compared to the closeup of the teacher where you can see the contrast in his old age expressions and wrinkles, showing the start contrast in the two age groups. after this there is a middle shot of the three characters which allows them to see their body language, where they avoid eye contact and have their head down, this represents the idea that they are ashamed of something that they have done, but also that the older male is authoritative towards them and strict.

The use of sound in this clip contributes to the representation of age in this clip with dialogue. Within the first scene we are able to recognize the relationship between the students and teacher with the use of the term 'sir'. this indicates that the character is authoritative and above the youths, this also juxtaposed with the fact that their is a clear hierarchy in the show. with the adults being allowed to give direct orders like 'Give it!' and the students are forced to obey him. Hierarchy is also represented with a lack of disrespect towards the teenagers, with the adult saying 'oh did he hold your hair' and attempting to mock them as he realizes he is in a position of power.

Editing plays a big role in the contribution to the representation of age in this clip. In the first scene the fast cutting between the close up of the walking and the two boys attempting to hide the broken camera tell us that the boys are up to no good and misbehaving.The use of the reverse shot between Grantly and the other teacher links their point of views and allows the audience to witness her reaction to the fact she forgot to take out insurance, from this we establish similar roles between the adults as Grantly is seen as wise as he is giving guidance to a younger member of staff. We also see reliance on an elder when there is an argument between two teenagers and one of the girls runs to a teacher to sort out the up heaving as the teenagers cannot mediate their own behavior. This represents that the older generation is wise and the younger generation loom up to the elders for guidance.

Re done Hotel babylon essay

How is ethnicity represented in the clip from Hotel Babylon?

One way that ethnicity is presented in Hotel Babylon is through pity. We see this throughout the clip and the director uses this technique through a variety of ways, including positioning to make the audience sympathies with the migrant workers.

The director uses position from the start in Hotel Babylon, they make you feel like you are on the side of the migrant workers and that you should feel sorry for them. The use of the camera work going from Steadicam when the immigration officer comes in compared to when the receptionist gives the signal and it switches to handheld connotes the idea that there is a problem and you instantly fear for the workers. This feeling also occurs when Jacky, the seen to be organizer of the migrant workers finds out about the raid, there is instantly shouting and upheaval in the background which you can hear, this is diegetic sound. The sound of the upheaval enforces your assumption that this is a problem and again makes you pity the migrant workers as you know they may be in danger.

Another use of diegetic sound in this clip to illustrate pity is when the immigration officers emerge from the lift, we see and hear Ibrahim gasp, we obviously get from this that he is in danger and is not in a positive situation which positions us in an atmosphere of pity as the scene foreshadows what is going to happen to him.

Another way that they attempt to represent pity is through fast paced editing, this creates the representation of pity because the fast paced editing creates the impression that the situation is rushed, frantic and uncontrolled, which makes you feel pity as these elements connote to danger.

Another way that ethnicity is presented in this clip is through the contrast in power. Jacky who is the organizer is given significant power and has a set of keys and is seen to be responsible for the migrant workers, the fact that she is of Asian dissent often seen as wise, powerful and calm hence why the director has put her in a position of care.

The next significant show of power is the use of a tracking shot following the path of the immigration officer, the fact that we have to follow his actions demonstrates that he is of high importance of power because he controlled the situation as every shot on him is a Steadicam whereas any frame with migrant workers was handheld.

The next illustration of the contrast in power is using mise en scene, all of the migrant workers are in unprofessional uniform and in unskilled work because they are seen to have no choice, we see this when the diabetic female passes out in the basement and it appears that the black cleaner was originally a doctor prior to his migration, he exclaims ''I wasn't always a cleaner you know''. this juxtaposed with the fact that all the workers from non-ethnic minorities are in suits and more presentable uniform, this gives the representation that ethnic have no choice in their line of work meaning they have less power, these are called binary opposites.

Also before the ''raid'' happens the staff have no individuality or persona, this is the stereotype that immigrants are ''nobody's'' and have n real purpose, it is not until crisis when we start to see them as individuals like Zenab and Ibrahim. During the clip they use costume to identify the immigrant’s status.

Using theory to inform your interpretations and argument.

Task 1 

Not always negative

This Perkins assumption states that not all stereotypes are negative and they may not be derogative of a group of people. In Hotel Babylon we see this where the Male from Africa is actually a fully qualified doctor, this stereotype of people from Africa/Asia being trained medics and very involved with medicine is not negative.

Not always about minorities or the less powerful

This Perkins assumption states that not all stereotypes are about minorities or less powerful groups in society and that there are stereotypes about the wealthy and more powerful. An example of this in Hotel Babylon is where the White man is in the position of power as an immigration officer with the police.
Another famous stereotype not in Hotel Babylon is where the British are well spoken and drink tea, eat biscuits and play croquet.

Can be held about ones group

This Perkins assumption is that stereotypes can be about yourself or anyone. This basically means that stereotypes about your group in society help you see how you are viewed by everyone else, and may allow you to see yourself from someone else's perspective.

Not rigid or changing

This Perkins assumption is where she believes that stereotypes and common views can be changed and altered. An example of this in Hotel Babylon is again with the African male doctor. Years ago people would of seen migrants as stupid, or uneducated, however nowadays we see people who have moved from abroad es educated and in some cases, cleverer than us.

Not always false

This Perkins assumption is where sometimes stereotypes are actually correct. An example of this in Hotel Babylon is where all the migrant workers are in unskilled and low paid jobs, this stereotype is very common as society believes they may not be clever or skilled enough to have a skilled managerial job, hence why all the migrant workers are in unskilled and very low paid work.


Task 2

Festingers idea of 'cognitive dissonance' basically says that we seek out conformation of our beleifs and stereotypes.

if you take this into account of shows and dramas like Hotel Babylon which heavily relies on modern stereotypes you can understand his viewpoint.
With Hotel Babylon being so heavily populated with stereotypes it makes it easy for the viewer to understand and comprehend as they are the views that we understand. this makes it popular because there is no inconvenience with it so the viewer can just watch.

Adding to this, the show basically confirms all of our views, this will give the viewer satisfaction as they do not feel challenged but they feel agreed with. This is the same with Doc Martin where we are not challenged with the city vs countryside intellectual stereotype.

Task 3

How disability is reflected in TV dramas

Disability in TV dramas

Show: Inbetweeners

Network: Channel 4

On the air: 2008-2010

Character of interest: The disabled girl in the wheelchair.
Stereotype & representation: in this clip the disabled lady is represented in many ways. When Will and the other boys see Carly and her mates they are suddenly excited and attracted to them as Neil refers to one of them as 'Jugasourus Rex' which implies sexual attraction towards said females. However when Will aims to throw the Frisbee towards Carly and misses and actually hits the disabled girl,


Show: Breaking Bad

Network: AMC
On the Air: 2008-
Character of Interest: Walter White, Jr. (RJ Mitte), son of the chemistry teacher turned meth maker, who like the actor who plays him has cerebral palsy.

Stereotype & representation: During this show the cerebral paulsy lad is seen as troubled 

Show: The Bridge

Network: FX
On the Air: 2013-
Character of Interest: Sonya Cross (Diane Kruger), an El Paso police detective with Asperger syndrome.

Show: Covert Affairs
Network: USA
On the Air: 2010-
Character of Interest: Auggie Anderson (Christopher Gorham), a blind CIA analyst who's a tech whiz, a sidekick for the newbie agent played by Piper Perabo, and a chick magnet.

Show: Criminal Minds
Network: CBS
On the Air: 2005-
Character of Interest: Dr. Spencer Reid (Matthew Gray Gubler), eccentric and multiple-degree-holding member of the team that profiles serial killers and other dangerous criminals.

Show: Glee
Network: Fox
On the Air: 2009-
Characters of Interest: Artie Abrams (Kevin McHale), a glee-club member who uses a wheelchair; Becky Jackson (Lauren Potter), a cheerleader with Down syndrome.

Downtwon abbey clase n status

Downtown Abbey:Class and status 

Mise en scene

Hotel Babylon

Camera - At the start of the clip, the camera is STEADICAM when the immigration team are speaking to the receptionist , however when she gives the ''signal'', it switches to HAND- HELD camera when Ben is running down the stairs to the immigrants, this shows that the situation has become rushed and uneasy. After this Jacky is trying to gather everyone up the camera uses SHALLOW FOCUS, this shows us that she is pivotal in alerting the other immigrants so that they do not get rounded up.

The camera next uses shallow focus when the lady faints in the basement the focus is on Zenab, this is a stereotype as the focus is only ever on the Black people when there is crisis or up heaving.

Sound - During the part of the clip where Jacky finds out about the raid you can hear shouting and panic, this is DIEGETIC SOUND as you can see the panic and discomfort on screen, this is a stereotype, as a black person delivers the news (Very bad news) it fits the stereotype that they are dangerous as he is only seen to bring bad news, however Jacky, an Asian lady is seen to be the leader of the immigrants and is in charge of keeping them safe, this is a stereotype as she is clearly seen as wise and respected as she is given the set of keys. At 2;54 we again have an example of DIEGETIC SOUND, we here Ibrahim gasp when he sees the officers, this shows us that there is clear panic and there is a problem. As it is only a black person  that gets caught, we see the stereotype that black people are pitied as Jacky explains to the officer about his family being shot.

Mise en scene - In this clip all of the immigrant characters are in scurry and unprofessional clothes as they are usually cleaners, however upstairs where all the white people are everyone is in posh clothes and in proper uniform, this shows the structure of social classes, where immigrants are not worthy of doing customer facing jobs. We see this mainly when the diabetic female passes out in the basement and it appears that the black cleaner was actually a doctor before he migrated, he exclaims ''i haven't always been a cleaner you know''. Also before the ''raid'' happens the staff have no individuality or persona, this is the stereotype that immigrants are ''nobody's'' and have n real purpose, it is not until crisis when we start to see them as individuals like Zenab and Ibrahim. During the clip they use costume to identify the immigrants status, For example the female receptionists where white uniform to portray the idea of purity and that they're innocent, however the imigrant female worker wore a black suit to give the idea she is unpure and has to do the dirty work.

Editing - For most of the clip they use fast paced editing, this is to create the impression that they do not have much time and they they're in a frantic situation. They also use cross-cutting when most of the staff are locked in the cupboard but Ibrahim is still out hoovering, this aids continuity to portray that everything is happening at once, it Adding to this they use shot-reverse-shot when the diabetic woman on the floor slumps. The female who seems to be the leader is looking down at the black man, using  a dutch angle shot showing the division of power between the two, this persist the idea of the stereotype that Black people are below others even when trying to help. When Ibrahim is being dragged away they use a Low eye-line shot, this is to make you sympathies with the immigrants and make you see their point of view, that stereo typically people look up to the white man.

Hotel Babylon

Hotel Babylon

Editing

For most of the clip they use fast paced editing, this is to create the impression that they do not have much time and they they're in a rush, they also use cross-cutting when most of the staff are locked in the cupboard but Ibrahim is still out hoovering, this moment creates tension for the audience as they are debating weather to risk going and getting him.

Adding to this they use shot-reverse-shot when the diabetic woman on the floor slumps. The female who seems to be the leader is looking down at the black man, using a 

Luther : Judge, Jury, Executioner

Gender stereotypes

Camera

During the clip 'Luther' is stabbed, after this moment they use a canted angle, this is to show uneasiness in the situation, however when alice arrives they use steadicam, this is showing us that she is in intro, of the situation, this is a counter stereotype as women are usually seen as emotional but in this case Alice is the calmest head in a  very explosive situation, as they go from a hand held camera in the uneasy situation to a steady camera in the calm. 

This is a counter stereotype as it is never the woman who saves the man, the stereotype s that the woman would be the damsel in distress and the man would save the day, this is also known as a binery opposition.

Sound

when the males are fighting they use Diegetic sound, you can hear the punches, and the flick of the switch blade, which you can all see on camera, whilst this is occurring they use synchronous sound which is where the music matches the moment, so in this moment they use very tense music. in contrast t when Alice turns up the music goes shuttle and calm before it reaches a crescendo, this is a stereotype as women are usually seen as calm and gentle.

Mise en scene

Also in this scene Alice shoots Ian even when she has been screamed at by john not to. This is a counter stereotype because Women are usually seen as impressionable and easy to persuade however she shoots Ian anyway. This also shows signifies  is independent which is another counter stereotype, we also see this in the other clip where we see that she lives alone. 

Also when Alice is describing to Ian she comes across very blunt, she explain 'Death is just, worse.' this is usually a trait that we stereotype with males and therefore she is a counter stereotype.

Editing

In this clip the editor using continuity editing, this is so that they can make the audience believe that the scene is as real as possible. This way of editing is a counter stereotype to the idea that males are blunt as the long, non-broken scene is continuous and not just blunt.

STAR WARS QUESTIONS

1) Disney owns LucasFilms

2)George Lucas founded LucasFilms

3) LucasFilm was founded in 1971, 45 years ago.

4)Kathleen Kennedy is president of LucasFilm

5) The other films that LucasFilm have worked on are; All star wars films, Indiana Jones, Red Tails.

6) LucasFilm was sold for $4.05B paid in cash and half in Disney Stock.

7) The person who wrote 'Star Wars: The Force Awakens was George Lucas

8) The person who directed 'Star Wars: The force awakens' was JJ Abrams

9) Star Wars, Star wars: The empire strikes back. Star Wars: Return of the Jedi, Star Wars: The phantom menace, Star Wars: Attack of the clones, Star Wars: Revenge of the sith, Star Wars:The force awakens, Star Wars: VIII, Star Wars: IX. Overall there has been 7 Star Wars movies to date.

10) overall they have made up to $6,553,571,883 B

11) 1977 was when the first one was released.

12) ILM stands for Industrial light & magic.

13) ILM do visual effects and CGI

14) ILM was created by George Lucas

15) ILM was created so that they could bring characters to life that couldn't be played by humans

16) Casting directors organize and facilitate the casting for all actors for all roles in the film, this involves working closely with director and producer to understand their requirements.

17) The very first scenes were filmed in a desert near Abu Dhabi 

18) the format that starwars was in was in IMAX,
19) The types of cameras used were; Film Cameras

20) The film studio mainly used for Star Wars: The force awakens was Pinewood.
21) Pinewood studios is in Iver Heath on Pinewood Road in the UK.
22) The major film franchise filmed here is James Bond.
23) The way this franchise links to Star Wars is that, Daniel Craig plays a storm trooper in a Cameo, and also Star Wars: The force awakens was filmed in James Bond Home studio.

24) The person who inspired the idea of Maz Kanatra is JJ Abrams old school teacher.
25)  The way they made Maz Kanata was CGI and the modern VFX process
26) Lupita N'Yongo played Maz Kanta, she is famous for becoming the first Mexican and Kenyan actress.
27) General Snoke was played by Andy Serkis
28 & 29 ) Andy Serkis is renowned for playing Gollum in The Hobbit and Cesar in Planet of the apes, which all use the same technology

30) The final seen was set in Ahch, To Lonely Island

31 & 32) The person who composed all the films was John Williams, he has composed the songs for all 7 films.
33) John williams has also composed for Jaws, Schindlers list, saving private ryan, Harry Potter, Indiana Jones etc etc.

34 & 35) John Boyega auditioned for Star wars 9 time, these audtions took place over 7 Months

36 & 37) 1 person operated BB8 manually but others controlled individual parts, the main technology used for BB8 was the manual pushing technology with CGI and green screen.
38&39) the BB8 operater wore a Green suit at all times, he did this so that they could edit him out in the background.

40) The type of special effects used in Star wars the force awakens was CGI and Green screen, they also used IMAX cameras.
41) When Harrison Ford says ''Chewy were home'' Kathleenn Kennedy beleives there were 200 people behind her watching it on the monitor.

42) Simon Pegg was thanked in the credits because, he played the Troll that exchanged scrap for food, also he helped write it.
43) JJ Abrams used IMAX, which gives you the capability of filming much wider areas than on a 35mm standard film.

44) The age rating of the film was 12.
45) The goverment payed around 31.6 million, this is around 7% of the total figure.
46) Harrison Ford was payed 20 million USD, Daisy Ridley and John Boyega were payed 300K each, Harrison Ford was payed 76 times more than them.

Male Gaze music video

Male gaze music video

Nicki Minaj - Anaconda

Throughout this video we see several scenes associated with sex, twerking and nudity.

Within the first 20 seconds of the video we are shown Nicki with 2 other women displaying their backsides towards the camera, this quick introduction to the sexual theme of the video immediately shows how they are going to promote the song, which is already written about women's arses'.

at about the 24 second mark, the camera zooms out and we are met with a host of more women, also revealing there posterior and twerking, this is carrying on the sexual theme as it is a way of women getting attention towards their buttocks from men, this promotes the male gaze stereotype that women are only there for sexual pleasure or to inspire the male.

Around the 3:25 mark, Nikki is seen to be giving a male (Drake) a lap dance to pleasure him. 

this scene is used to make males imagine being in that position and can have c+onnotations of sex, pleasure and intimacy. All this promotes the male gaze as it also supports the fact the women have no purpose but to pleasure a man in the media industry despite the song being sung by a woman, the music video promotes the male gaze and how women need a big arse. 

We are next greeted with a scene of Nikki in a pool, she is presented as wet, messy hair and with little clothing we also associate the image with sex, pleasure and orgasms.

The setting is quite utopias which is insinuating this is all imaginary and in a perfect world this would be how it is but also a reminder that this scene was not real and could be exhibiting the idea that this is a males idea of perfection, but is certainly not how all women like to be perpetrated.

Our Girl

Our Girl : Representation of stereotypes.

Gender

During the first episode of season two, Georgie is kidnapped and portrayed as a stereotypical woman who's been captured.

Camera & Editing

First of all when the militant truck pulls in front of the ambulance, after they kill the two others she is captured. She is Dragged out of the truck with little effort indicating she is powerless in the situation whilst surrounded by men, she is then chucked into the back of the pickup (Also with little effort) in a quick succession of shots showing the incident was rushed and rash.

After she is in the back of the truck the camera switches to a point of view from Georgie's angle where she is below everyone else, this exhibits the idea she is powerless in this situation as everyone else is above her. 

When they arrive at their compound she is hauled out of the truck and dragged on the floor inside, during this moment the camera is at the same level as her feet, giving us the impression that we are being dragged with her and that she has no chance and any attempt to escape would be futile, adding to this whilst she is being dragged she is slumped which shows shes giving no effort and has maybe given up at this point.

Sound 

During the most part of this scene, the background music is very dramatic and creates a lot of tension. As the ambulance is being ambushed the music gets very tense and paired with Georgie's heavy breathing, and close up of her looking extremely terrified creates the feeling of panic and vulnerability which is the stereotype for a woman in danger,

When the Truck pulls up at the compound the music peaks and makes us feel a sense of danger and worry for her, she is met with the terrorists as she is nelt down before them. 

Nise en scene
Her way of looking at her dog tags insists danger, as she knows if they find out shes a marine then they will execute her, also in that scene the soldiers slump when shot, along with blood splatters and marks on windscreen indicate they are dead and that she is now on her own, this is not a stereotype but making out like she is now doomed as all the men have disappeared is a stereotype as it explores the prejudice that women need men.

Ethnicity
During season two when georgie's captures are shown as stereotypical terrorists.
Nise en scene
All of the militants are in similar uniform, scarfs and rags to cover there face and usually a beige/ khaki colour. this is stereotypical as usually on the news when you see terrorist footage or photo they are usually in this clothing, except for the leader of the group who wears all black, this shows his importance but also is stereotypical as these trends run through extremist culture.
Also in the ransom video, they are sporting a black flag in the background, this is seen in modern terrorist or dating back to pirate flags, these are stereotypes as jihads are seen as danger and modern day pirates.

Our girl : Gender stereoptype

Our girl : stereotyping

Ethnicity

During the clip we viewed one of the extremists makes the remark '1000's of our women and children get killed and no one cares, but a white British woman is valuable', he also mentions that '1000 Muslim women and children are worth one British woman' this is stereotyping the fact that in the news there is a big fuss about a British, or any soldier in the war zone trying to sort the issue, but when we drop bombs on villages full of civilians no one bats an eyelid. -

Gender

The show has a mixture of presenting stereotypes and counter stereotypes. For example the 'squad' of soldiers is pretty much only men bar Michelle Keegan, also when the SAS team show up, its 4 males, this suggesting men are left to it when it comes down to the hard and crucial work.

Also in the Kenyan Terrorist group there is no sign of women except the prisoners, which is probably 

true doing the oppression on Muslim women in some parts of Africa and Asia.
Adding to this the show counter stereo types the damsel in distress theme where the female needs saving by a big strong man, there is also a scene dedicated to Elvis's body trying to indicate how macho he is.

Star Wars: The force awakens research

Producer

J.J Abrams, Kathleen Kennedy, Bryan Burk

Production company

LucasFilm, BadRobot Productions

Director

J.J Abrams 

Screenwriters

J.J Abrams, Lawrence Kasdan, Micheal Arndt 

Cast

Daisy Ridley, John Boyega, Harrison Ford, Oscar Isaac, Simon Pegg.

Budget 

$306 million ($245 million net)

Locations

Ireland, Iceland, England, United Arab Emirates

Green light

October 30th 2012
How many screens

opening day
4,134 + 3,300 in 3D
overall
over 30,000 screens
Critical reviews

The film received a 92& on the tomato meter classing it as 'fresh' with an average rating of 8.2/10 from critics, however it received 89% from the audience on likability with an average rating of 4.3/5 out of 219,200 ratings.
'packed with action and populated by both familiar faces and fresh blood, The Force Awakens successfully recalls the series former glory while injecting it with renewed energy.'
Box Office

China
the film received $115.8 million
US
$936.7 million dollars
worldwide
$2.068 billion
Music

The music was by John Williams, including tracks like The scavenger, I can fly anything and Main title and attack on the Jakku village
Marketing

Trailers

Billboards
Posters
Bus side advertisement
Magazines
Digital screens in big cities like NYC
Tie In products
Lego

Merchandise
lunch boxes, water bottles, t shirts, posters etc.
SFX


This video gives you a before and after representation of the special effects used in Star Wars: The force awakens.
CGI
Green screens
3D cameras
35mm and 65mm film
Issues

1 - Characters are to likable and complex,
2 - Not ever scene is CGI
3 - No Jar Jar Binks, One of star wars fan favorite, likable, funny and crazy, fans love this character and even though hes not the most dramatic character in the series hes definitely a piece of the jigsaw.
4 - George Lucas didn't write and direct. As George Lucas did not write and direct the film it felt his touch was missing, and was kind of like your local newsagents being took over by an oligarch and loosing its community feel??
5 - Not enough dry politics and exposition, Some have spoken about the lack of trade talk, 'senatorial' politics and various moments of dry exposition. Mainly meaning the film s to action based and misses out the boring but interesting sections of the series.

Definitions

1.An institution (in the film industry)

Definition: any company or organisation that produces, distributes or exhibits films. The BBC makes films with their BBC Films arm; Channel4's Film Four produces films, Working Title also produce films, as does Vertigo Films, etc. Some institutions need to join with other institutions which distribute films. Vertigo Films is able to distribute its own films, Channel Four distributed Slumdog Millionaire through Pathe. Working Title's distribution partner is Universal, a huge US company which can make, distribute and show films. The type of owner ship within an institution matters as, for instance, Channel 4 and the BBC are able to show their own films at an earlier stage than other films made by other institutions. They are also better placed to cross-promote their in-house films within their media organisations. Use you work on Film Four as the basis for most of what you write, Moon is a good cross comparison as Duncan Jones had to create his own institution just to get the film made.

2.Distribution and Marketing

Definition: the business of getting films to their audiences by booking them for runs into cinemas and taking them there in vans or through digital downloads; distributors also create the marketing campaign for films producing posters, trailers, websites, organise free previews, press packs, television interviews with the "talent", sign contracts for promotions, competitions, etc. Distributors use their know-how and size to ensure that DVDs of the film end up in stores and on supermarket shelves. Distributors also obtain the BBFC certificate, and try to get films released as the most favourable times of the year for their genre, etc.

3.Exhibition

Definition: showing films in cinemas or on DVD. Media attention through opening nights and premieres How the audience can see the film: in cinemas, at home, on DVD, through downloads, through television, including premieres, the box office take in the opening weeks; audience reviews which includes those of the film critics, ordinary people, cinemas runs; awards in festivals, The Oscars, BAFTAS, etc.

4.Exchange

Definition: The unintended use of an institution’s media text (i.e. a film) by OTHER PEOPLE who use the film or parts of it to form new texts. What happens to a film, etc. after the public get their hands on it using digital technology.  Also relates to the selling of the product to the audience.

Examples: People unconnected to the institution/ film using WEB 2.0 applications such as Youtube, Blogger, reddit, Tumblr, Twitter, Facebook, buzzfeed to discuss the film or edit parts together to form a new text which they may then put a new soundtrack to and publish on Youtube, etc. When you add a trailer from a site like YouTube on your blog you have been engaging with exchange. 

5.Vertical and Horizontal Integration

Definition: Absorption into a single firm of several firms involved in all aspects of a product's manufacture from raw materials to distribution.

Example: Vivendi Universal have integrated film, music, web and distribution technology into the company, including owning big stakes in cables and wires that deliver these services. Therefore they are vertically integrated because they own all the different companies involved in film, from production to distribution to exhibition. They are also horizontally integrated because they have all the expertise for producing media content under one roof – films, TV, magazines, books, music, games thus being able to produce all the related media content for one film under the same roof (see synergy). This is important for the control the institution has over their product/film.

6.Synergy/Synergies 

Definition: The interaction of two or more agents (institutions/companies) to ensure a larger effect than if they acted independently. This is beneficial for each company through efficiencies in expertise and costs.

Examples: Working Title know how to make films and they have formed a business partnership with Universal, a massive US company, who have the experience and size in the marketplace (cinemas, stores, online, etc.) to distribute them. (They create the marketing campaign to target audiences through posters, trailers, create the film’s website, free previews, television and press interviews featuring “the talent”, drum up press reviews, word of mouth, and determine when a film is released for the best possible audience and the type of release: limited, wide, etc.) Channel Four’s Film 4 and Celador Films (Celador also produce Who Wants to Be A Millionaire and films, too) benefited by pooling their know-how, experience and expertise to jointly produce Slumdog Millionaire. These companies formed a business relationship with France’s Pathe to distribute this film. In the UK Pathe helped create the poster, trailer, website, etc. In the USA the film found another distributor after being nominated for the Oscars.

7.Viral Marketing

Definition: A marketing technique aiming at reproducing "word of mouth" usually on the internet and through existing social networks. YouTube Video pastiches, trailers, interviews with cast members, the director, writer, etc. You can find interviews of “the talent” trying to gain publicity for your case study films on YouTube. Find some clips from the films we have studied to help you in the exam.

8.Guerilla Marketing

Definition: The use of unconventional and low cost marketing strategies to raise awareness of a product. The aim is usually to create “buzz” and “word of mouth” around a film. Unusual stunts to gain publicity (P.R.) on the film’s opening weekend, etc.

Examples: Sasha Baron Cohen created “buzz” before the release of his film “Borat” by holding fake press conferences. The studio also accessed the popularity of YouTube by releasing the first 4 minutes of the movie on YouTube, a week before it’s release, which can then be sent virally across the nation. At a special viewing of “Bruno” Cohen landed on Eminem “butt first” from the roof MTV Awards venue, dressed in as an angel outfit with rents in the rear end.

9.Media Convergence

Definition 1: Convergence of media occurs when multiple products come together to form one product with the advantages of all of them.

Examples: More and more films are being marketed on the Internet and on mobile phones. You no longer need even to buy the DVDs or CDs as you can download films and music directly to your laptop, Mac or PC. Blue Ray DVDs can carry more features than ordinary DVDs and can be played on HD televisions and in home cinemas for enhanced/cinematic picture quality. You can save films on SKY digital, Free-box digital players, etc. You mobile phone has multiple features and applications. With media and technological convergence this is growing year on year. Play-Stations, X-Boxes and the Wii can can connect with the Internet and you can play video games with multiple players.

10.Technological Convergence

Definition 2: The growing interractive use of digital technology in the film industry and media which enables people to share, consume and produce media that was difficult or impossible just a few years earlier.

Examples: For instance, the use of new software to add special effects in editing; the use of blue-screen; using new types of digital cameras like the one Danny Boyle used in “Slumdog Millionaire” (The Silicon Imaging Camera to shoot high quality film in tight spaces); you can use the Internet to download a film rather than go see it in the cinema; you can watch it on YouTube; you can use special editing programs like Final Cut Pro to edit bits of a film, give it new soundtrack and upload it on YouTube; you can produce illegal, pirate copies on DVDs from downloads and by converting the film’s format; you can buy Blue Ray DVDs with greater compression which allows superior viewing and more features on the DVD; distributors can use digital software to create high concept posters; cinemas can download films to their projection screens and do not have to depend on a van dropping off the film! The is also the Digital Screen Network. There are tons of ways in which technological convergence affects the production, distribution, exhibition and exchange by prosumers. ( A prosumer is someone who not only consumes (watches films) but also writes about them the Net, blogs and make films out of them, often uploading them on sites like YouTube, etc.

11.A Mainstream Film

Definition: A high budget film that would appeal to most segments of an audience: the young, boys, girls, teenagers, young people, the middle aged, older people, the various classes in society. Distributors often spend as much or more than the film cost to make when distributing mainstream films that are given wide or universal releases.

Example:The Boat That Rocked was a mainstream idea and was given the mainstream treatment on wide release. The film flopped at the UK box office on release ( and has not done too well since mid November 2009 on release in the USA. This was mostly because of its poor reviews, particularly from “Time-Out”. However, when young and older audiences see the DVD they generally like the film because of its uplifting storyline and the well-chosen soundtrack.

12.Art House Films

Definition: A low budget independent film that would mostly appeal to an educated, higher class audience who follow unusual genres or like cult directors that few people have heard of. Therefore it is usually aimed at a niche market. Foreign films often come under this category.

Examples: The low budget film, Once (2007) which found a specialised, boutique distributor in Fox Searchlight fits this label. (FOX the mainstream company usually distributes big budget film and blockbusters); So does “Juno” from 2008 which began as a low budget film about teenage pregnancy that the big studios thought too risky to touch – but it found popularity through its touching storyline, engaging music and its Oscar nomination for best script. Like “Slumdog Millionaire” the film crossed over between art-house cinemas and audiences to mainstream ones because of the recognition it received from Canadian film festivals and award ceremonies like Britain’s BAFTAS and the Hollywood’s Oscars.

13.Ratings bodies 

BBFC - The British Board of Film Classification

How your institutions films are rated will affect audiences in so far as WHO can see them. Remember that sex scenes, offensive language, excessive violence, the use of profanity, etc. can affect the rating and certificate the film receives and therefore affect who is able to see the film.

Credit: Ford

Film Production Roles

Film production roles

Writer

The writer is someone who practices the art of screenwriting, this includes the script, the members, key points, directions etc. In my opinion this is probably the most important role because if the script is crap you're 1, not going to get A list stars as they don't like he script and 2, the film wont make money as it will be absolutely awful. Screenwriters can write for films, TV shows, comics or video games. 

Producer

The film producer is the person who's role is to find the idea for a film, for example a book, novel etc and turn it into a viable film. They hire the director, choose cast, oversee production, and post production, they mastermind he marketing to ensure the films success.
casting director

this person is in charge of assigning roles in the films an finding cast members, this is pivotal as if the film has no decent actors or well known actors it is hard to market.
director

this role is the person who directs how the film is made and is there whilst main scenes are filmed.
film finance
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controls the finance of the films production seeing how much they can spend on what and determines weather the film will make a profit or not.
Camera operator 

the person who operates the cameras during filming.
editor

the person who edits the film and makes it what it is after filming has finished.
production designer

responsible for the visual concept of the film, camera angles, costumes, make up, lighting etc.
Marketing

this person is in charge of how the film is marketed and how much money it can generate through marketing.
exhibition

how the film is shown in cinemas,making sure the film is in a cinema, how many screens its shown on, how much tickets are etc. 

Top 10 TV dramas

Top 10 TV Dramas

Suits

Suits is a drama about the law firm, 'Pearson Hardman'. The 2 protagonists are Mike Gross and Harvey Specter, the drama starts with Harvey (Senior Partner) hiring Mike Gross without them knowing he did not pass Harvard law, which is the only place they recruit from. The Firm encounter problem after problem and are constantly battling, Sabrina, law suits and fines.
Sons of Anarchy

An american biker gang called the 'Sons of Anarchy' based in California, are in the gun trade, drug trade and all things like that, however the crew hits hard times and the new sheriff starts taking them down which is when the crew attempt to become legit, at first it seams simple but cutting the ties with other 'sons of anarchy' branches in Ireland are reluctant and they are burdened with a shed load more guns.
The walking dead

The walking dead is a drama set in post apocalypse america, where Rick and his wife and son are in a group of survivors desperate to survive on very little supplies, they have to scavenge from broken down cars or zombie infested cities. the crew gets caught up in trouble and almost is obliterated in a building they went to to find a cure, ironic.
Peaky blinders

Peaky blinders is set in post 1st world war Birmingham where 3 brothers aim to start a gang and take over underground England, protagonist Tommy Shelby is the forefront for the brotherly gangsters and leads them through all their hardships. They aim to become 80% legit but with a pesky Irish police officer constantly badgering them, and rival gangsters like Sibbini are always trying to knock them down a peg.
Sherlock

Sherlock is a drama about a sociopathic 'police consultant' and his ex army veteran medic wing man. They solve cases the police are incapable of an have no chance of solving. Sherlock also runs a blog where customers will come to him for advice, his emotionless, pittyless and blunt replies re key to his fame; but this does not mean everyone is there for his help, Sherlock encounters enemies like Moriarty and Magnussen, who attempt to break his stubborn front.
American Horror Story

This creep filled drama has a new theme for every series. the show is designed to scare you enough to have you shutting your eyes but keep you enticed with annoyingly addicted story lines. Even Peters is the Main character with Jessica Lange being the second best. The shows themes cover, mental asylums in the past, A witch coven in modern day america, a freak show.
Narcos

Narcos is the story of the emphatic drug lord Pablo Escobar and his domineering, money cultivating and seemingly un dentable rain over Columbia. It insights his money laundering, his racketeering, bribery and many numerous girlfriends. Despite the show being in pure Colombian, the subtitles don't  seem a problem with such a gripping story line everyone wants a pace of.
Homeland

Homeland is the story of two CIA agents, one converts to Muslim and extremism, the other goes AWOL. The show has non stop drama and will constantly have your heart racing.
Breaking Bad

Breaking bad is a tv drama about a teacher, in desperate need for money, and a student, who's in the drug game. the teacher helps him create the best crystal meth around as they begin their rose to the top of the drug empire; however Bills brother in law is a police officer, adding extra risk into the mix despite the business being momentously suspicious anyway.
Prison Break

Prison break is a thrilling drama set in an american prison, it details the life of Micheal and brother lincoln and their comrades in a bid to escape the hole. the problem is Lincoln is on death row and they have to race against the clock before his time runs out. the thrilling drama follows them to panama where they are caught up again, who knows what happens to them next.